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Swimming Pools: A Landmark of Sprawl. Mediterranean Urbanity, Landscape Architecture and Social Issues
Authors: Luca Salvati, Ph.D., and Ilaria Zambon, Ph.D. (University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy, and others)
Urban sprawl has radically transformed Southern European landscapes. Nowadays, sprawl is a major benefiting factor in the daily lives of thousands of people and its mismanagement reflects relevant social and economic issues. For these reasons, a specific effort should be made to identify contributing factors and set up suitable indicators informing strategies of sustainable urban growth. This book proposes an original interpretation of contemporary metropolitan contexts, candidating residential swimming pools as a landmark of urban sprawl. Detached houses, backyard pools and private gardens reflect a landscape with peculiar social, political and cultural dynamics. Comparing the spatial distribution of swimming pools with appropriate background indicators may explain how sprawl has occurred in three representative cities of Southern Europe (Barcelona, Rome and Athens), proposing future strategies for urban sustainability. The authors’ study verifies whether or not swimming pools are a useful tool for monitoring sprawl pattern and processes, clarifying the major challenges that society faces in managing peri-urban land.
The European Union and its Debt Crises: The Deception of the Greeks
Authors: John N. Kallianiotis (Economics/Finance Department, The Arthur J. Kania School of Management, University of Scranton, Scranton, PA, US)
The latest global financial crisis has troubled the United States and caused very bad debt crises in many Eurozone member nations due to their integration, common currency, and public policies, but with different economic structures among themselves. The European Union and its Debt Crises: The Deception of the Greeks provides readers with in-depth historical, structural, political, and practical knowledge of the European Union, the Eurozone, and how to confront the latest financial, economic, and social problems. The literature has been enormous on this unique debt crisis for the last eight years, but this book goes beyond the theoretical arguments of different outsider technocrats and gives details concerning the role of the EU institutions, the role of the EU member governments (especially of Greece, which has been deceived so much and for so many years by three different political parties in its government), the role of the Troika (Eurogroup, ECB, IMF, and later the Quartet), and the effects of the crises on the poor European citizens. These crises have unfortunately continued and reanimated recently in Italy. This book also discusses the ineffectiveness of the common public policies, the loss of sovereignty, and the challenges for the future of these “structures”, the EU and EMU. It also outlines some policy suggestions and recommendations for the European – primarily Greek – citizens in this globalized world, which is becoming more strenuous each day.
Environmental Disasters and Land Grabs as Crimes against Humanity
Authors: Laura Westra, Ph.D. (University of Windsor Sessional Instructor, Faculty of Law, Visiting Professor, Faculty of Jurisprudence, University of Parma, Canada)
Increasingly people in every continent of the world are becoming aware of the grave consequences of the current environmental problems, from climate change to unsustainable agricultural growth durations. These consequences include dangerous, environmentally caused results that affect our health and the health of our children, as well as our social well-being and our very basic rights.
This book raises a radical question: Can environmental disasters and land grab crimes, in fact, be seen as crimes against humanity? That approach is defended through a number of present legal documents and through existing and novel arguments. With this in mind, who is responsible for the present situation, and who should be held accountable for both damages and harm towards those parties affected?
The main problems concern holding governments (who minimally permit, but often promote many of the practices of legal and natural persons) responsible for initiating and supporting the activities that ensure their economic benefit, which is leading to the present impasse. The authors discuss how such individuals can be held accountable singly and collectively for the harms they impose on all life.
This book raises a radical question: Can environmental disasters and land grab crimes, in fact, be seen as crimes against humanity? That approach is defended through a number of present legal documents and through existing and novel arguments. With this in mind, who is responsible for the present situation, and who should be held accountable for both damages and harm towards those parties affected?
The main problems concern holding governments (who minimally permit, but often promote many of the practices of legal and natural persons) responsible for initiating and supporting the activities that ensure their economic benefit, which is leading to the present impasse. The authors discuss how such individuals can be held accountable singly and collectively for the harms they impose on all life.
Quaternion Matrix Computations
Authors: Musheng Wei, Ying Li, Fengxia Zhang and Jianli Zhao (College of Mathematics and Science, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China, and others)
In this monograph, the authors describe state-of-the-art real structure-preserving algorithms for quaternion matrix computations, especially the LU, the Cholesky, the QR and the singular value decomposition of quaternion matrices, direct and iterative methods for solving quaternion linear systems, generalized least squares problems, and quaternion right eigenvalue problems. Formulas of the methods are derived, and numerical codes are provided which utilize advantages of real structure-preserving of quaternion matrices and high-level performance of vector pipelining arithmetic operations, using Matlab software. These algorithms are very efficient and stable. This monograph can be used as a reference book for scientists, engineers and researchers in color image
processing, quaternionic quantum mechanics, information engineering, information security and scientific computing. It can also act as a textbook at the graduate level in related areas.
processing, quaternionic quantum mechanics, information engineering, information security and scientific computing. It can also act as a textbook at the graduate level in related areas.
Surface Structuration and Its Advantages in Optoelectronics
Authors: Natalia V. Kamanina, Ph.D. (Vavilov State Optical Institute, Kadetskaya Liniya V.O., St. Petersburg, Russia, and others)
It is well known that after the discovery of fullerenes (1985) and carbon nanotubes (1991) so many scientific and engineering groups in the world have started to use these structures in order to modify the basic properties of the organic and inorganic materials. The main advantage to improve the materials properties have been shown when the fullerenes or carbon nanotubes have been incorporated into the body of the conjugated organic materials or into the inorganic materials lattice. However, the change in material properties when structuring their surface has been shown in less detail. In the current book, namely the surface modification of the different types of the materials are shown. The promising nano-objects used for this aim – the carbon nanotubes – are proposed. The basic features of these nano-objects are regarded to their branched surface, high conductivity, strong hardness of their C—C bonds, little value of the refractive index as well as their complicated and unique mechanisms of charge carrier moving. Different types of the optical materials such as metals (Al, Sc, etc.), semiconductors (ZnSe, ZnS, etc.), optical crystals (LiF, KBr, etc.), ITO layer, and polymer matrix surface are treated by the laser oriented deposition technique under the condition to vertically deposit the nano-objects mentioned above in order to change the refractivity, spectral, mechanical characteristics and wetting phenomena of the materials. Analytical and quantum chemical calculations support the experimental results. The book can extend the materials database and can be useful for the education process as well as for the practical application.
Functional MRI Methods and Frontiers
Authors: Yongxia Zhou, Ph.D. (University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, US and Columbia University, New York, NY, US)
Medical imaging grows to be a broad and modern scientific field. Imaging principles, methods and applications are important topics in this field. While applications and the generalization of techniques start with and rely on theoretical development and novel methodology, introduction and instructions of relatively new ideas, concepts and methods are of pivotal importance to students, beginners and general clinical practitioners in this field. Functional MRI (fMRI) has been widely used for the past 30 years to investigate brain functional changes under physiologic challenges or disease conditions in contrast to a resting state. The physiological contributors to the fMRI signal changes include the blood-oxygenation-dependent level (BOLD) effect and in-flow effect such as the increment in local CBF and arterial oxygenation. Improvement of spatiotemporal resolution of fMRI to enhance neuronal activity specificity and pinpoint the microvasculature activation is the ultimate goal. fMRI functional activity/connectivity and graph theory-based connectome analyses with a multiplex fast imaging technique are recently developed new techniques to provide both a whole-picture and regional specialization of brain resource utilization in a systematic way. The integration of neuroscience and mathematical as well as physical and physiological metrics also promote the innovation and applications of multi-modal imaging equipment development and multi-parametric utilizations in clinical environments, including disease diagnosis and treatment.
The aim of this book is intended to provide a whole picture of new fMRI imaging methodological developments from principles to applications, to both beginners and experts in biomedical imaging and healthcare. Several fundamental principles and metrics including BOLD, microvasculature detection and fMRI/EEG coupling will be presented together with some new and up-to-date analytical methods. The conventional statistical methods and relatively new methods of wavelets, dynamic linear correlation coefficients, independent component analysis, EEG source imaging and multi-modal integration will be covered. The authors hope that this book will capture the interests of colleagues in the medical imaging field and could help convey the methodological, technical and developmental resources of neuroimaging applications. This book will provide the current state-of-the-art and frontiers of neuroimaging techniques in basic science and clinical neuroscience research. The authors will present some forefront and interesting multi-dimensional imaging techniques to serve as a textbook and reference manual in fMRI methodological training as well as in the research field. Several distinct imaging perspectives, including cutting-edge imaging methods from acquisition to data analysis as well as multi-modal and multi-parametric quantifications will be described. The relatively new and advanced principles and methods together with interesting examples and application demonstrations would hopefully contribute to the medical imaging teaching and research field and could help facilitate the generalization, interpretation and applications of the proposed neuroimaging methods.
The aim of this book is intended to provide a whole picture of new fMRI imaging methodological developments from principles to applications, to both beginners and experts in biomedical imaging and healthcare. Several fundamental principles and metrics including BOLD, microvasculature detection and fMRI/EEG coupling will be presented together with some new and up-to-date analytical methods. The conventional statistical methods and relatively new methods of wavelets, dynamic linear correlation coefficients, independent component analysis, EEG source imaging and multi-modal integration will be covered. The authors hope that this book will capture the interests of colleagues in the medical imaging field and could help convey the methodological, technical and developmental resources of neuroimaging applications. This book will provide the current state-of-the-art and frontiers of neuroimaging techniques in basic science and clinical neuroscience research. The authors will present some forefront and interesting multi-dimensional imaging techniques to serve as a textbook and reference manual in fMRI methodological training as well as in the research field. Several distinct imaging perspectives, including cutting-edge imaging methods from acquisition to data analysis as well as multi-modal and multi-parametric quantifications will be described. The relatively new and advanced principles and methods together with interesting examples and application demonstrations would hopefully contribute to the medical imaging teaching and research field and could help facilitate the generalization, interpretation and applications of the proposed neuroimaging methods.
Empirical Studies of Contemplative Practices
Editors: Diane Grimes, Ph.D., Qiu Wang, Ph.D., and Hong Lin, Ph.D. (Department of Computer Science and Engineering Technology, University of Houston-Downtown, Houston, TX, US, and others)
This book is a first attempt to associate the interpretation of contemplative approaches to scientific studies. Drawing on expertise from a range of disciplines, including psychology, applied statistics, health sciences, neuroscience, communication, computer science, and information technology, we examine the critical processes of contemplative approaches and aim to guide the scientific research of contemplative practices. The book includes pedagogical and experimental aspects of studies such as research design, measurement, program assessment, statistical modeling, data mining, technology integration, and evaluation.
It aims to serve as a forum to inspire empirical studies of contemplative practices that address the complexity and variety of such practice in a thoughtful way. It includes compiled interpretation of bodily manifestations of contemplative practices, psychological analysis of contemplative practices, and systematic studies of the effect of contemplative practices through data analysis. Together, the chapters of this book offer first steps along a path to deeper understanding of contemplative practices.
Empirical Studies of Contemplative Practices can serve as a reference book to scholars, researchers, and graduate students across fields of natural and social science. Specifically, this book may be of interest in scholarly arenas such as life sciences, psychology, communication, healthcare, education, and data science. We also hope to draw attention from meditation practitioners as well as those who are interested in religious and philosophical studies.
We hope that the systematic study of contemplative approaches can make an impact on the larger population in their daily lives.
It aims to serve as a forum to inspire empirical studies of contemplative practices that address the complexity and variety of such practice in a thoughtful way. It includes compiled interpretation of bodily manifestations of contemplative practices, psychological analysis of contemplative practices, and systematic studies of the effect of contemplative practices through data analysis. Together, the chapters of this book offer first steps along a path to deeper understanding of contemplative practices.
Empirical Studies of Contemplative Practices can serve as a reference book to scholars, researchers, and graduate students across fields of natural and social science. Specifically, this book may be of interest in scholarly arenas such as life sciences, psychology, communication, healthcare, education, and data science. We also hope to draw attention from meditation practitioners as well as those who are interested in religious and philosophical studies.
We hope that the systematic study of contemplative approaches can make an impact on the larger population in their daily lives.
Relativity, Gravitation, Cosmology: Beyond Foundations
Editors: Valeriy Dvoeglazov (Unidad Academica de Fisica, Universidad de Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Mexico)
The authors continue the book series entitled Contemporary Fundamental Physics. Edited by Professor Doctor V. V. Dvoeglazov from Universidad de Zacatecas, Mexico, this thematic issue – Relativity, Gravitation, Cosmology: Beyond Foundations – contains chapters related to contemporary problems of modern physics. This book includes an Editorial Introduction and eleven chapters, commentary, and several reprints. This book may also be considered as the continuation of past publications found in the authors’ own series concerning relativity. This issue includes contributions from M. Land, V. V. Varlamov, E. Kapuscik, I. A. Vernigora and Yu. G. Rudoy, E. M. Ovsiyuk, V. V. Kisel and V. M. Redkov, O. V. Veko, S. I. Kruglov, B. G. Sidharth, A. Gutierrez-Rodriguez, M. A. Hernandez-Ruiz and A. Gonzalez-Sanchez, and V. V. Dvoeglazov. Older research concerns quantum field theory and gravitation theories. Recent research has been presented at the XI Workshop (2015) and the X and XI Schools (2014 and 2016) of the Gravitation Division of the Sociedad Mexicana de Fisica.
The book will be useful to researchers, professors, and students of physics and mathematics.
The book will be useful to researchers, professors, and students of physics and mathematics.
Occurrences, Structure, Biosynthesis, and Health Benefits Based on Their Evidences of Medicinal Phytochemicals in Vegetables and Fruits. Volume 10
Editors: Noboru Motohashi, Ph.D. (Former Professor and Director of Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan)
In East Asia, Korean ginseng has long been used as a private medicine and nourishing tonic, used for maintaining physical strength as well as treating and preventing various diseases. Coffee is known for preventing lifestyle diseases such as high blood pressure, myocardial infarction, diabetes and dementia, and has adjuvant effects. In India, Semecarpus anacardium L. f has been used as a cure for private medicine and has been used as various disease treatments. In fact, Semecarpus anacardium L. f. contains bioactive ingredients such as antioxidant compounds. Mexican peppers with bright variegated colors are rich in plant pigmentation. Among these plant dyes, in particular, authors describe the correlation between carotenes and functionality, as well as the challenges to prevent and treat these diseases. A detailed explanation of these four titles is made as follows:
Volume 10 mainly dscribes the effects, preventions and treatments of ginseng, including its folklore remedy as phytochemicals as follows: Chapter One: “Medicinal Phytochemicals and Health Effects of Panax ginseng (Korean Ginseng)”; Chapter Two: “Coffee´s Phytochemicals: From Biosynthesis to Health Benefits”; Chapter Three: “Nature-Inspired Phytochemicals and the Pharmacological Activities of Herbal Plants of the Anacardiaceae Family and Semecarpus anacardium L.f”; and Chapter Four: “Carotenoids from Mexican Peppers and Their Benefical Effects.” These chapters will provide more advanced information to researches in the region of new drug designs for phytochemicals.
Volume 10 mainly dscribes the effects, preventions and treatments of ginseng, including its folklore remedy as phytochemicals as follows: Chapter One: “Medicinal Phytochemicals and Health Effects of Panax ginseng (Korean Ginseng)”; Chapter Two: “Coffee´s Phytochemicals: From Biosynthesis to Health Benefits”; Chapter Three: “Nature-Inspired Phytochemicals and the Pharmacological Activities of Herbal Plants of the Anacardiaceae Family and Semecarpus anacardium L.f”; and Chapter Four: “Carotenoids from Mexican Peppers and Their Benefical Effects.” These chapters will provide more advanced information to researches in the region of new drug designs for phytochemicals.
Occurrences, Structure, Biosynthesis, and Health Benefits Based on Their Evidences of Medicinal Phytochemicals in Vegetables and Fruits. Volume 11
Editors: Noboru Motohashi, Ph.D. (Former Professor and Director of Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan)
In India and the surrounding countries, turmeric has long been used as a traditional folk medicine for treating and preventing various diseases as well as a spice for culinary purposes. Recent studies have shown that turmeric is effective as an antioxidant, antibacterial, antihypertensive, anti-diabetic and anti-myocardial infarction. In South America – particularly in Mexico –diverse tropical and subtropical fruits can be found. These fruits and herbs have been used as prescriptions for Mexican folk medicine. Among these formulations, mention is made especially of fruits and vegetables having cardiometabolic effects. Arthrospira maxima (spirulina) is generally known as an oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria and is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs).
The following chapters describe in detail preventions and treatments concerning medicinal fruits and herbs found in the abovementioned sites: Chapter One: “The Phytochemicals and Health Benefits of Curcuma longa Linn. (Turmeric) (Family: Zingiberaceae)”; Chapter Two: “Cardiometabolic Effects of Functional Foods and Phytochemicals within Mexican Folklore Medicine (Part 1)”; Chapter Three: Cardiometabolic Effects of Functional Foods and Phytochemicals within Mexican Folklore Medicine (Part 2)”; and Chapter Four: Arthrospira maxima (Spirulina): Protection against Mitomycin C-Induced Dominant Lethal Mutations. These chapters will provide more advanced information to researches in studying new drug designs of phytochemicals.
The following chapters describe in detail preventions and treatments concerning medicinal fruits and herbs found in the abovementioned sites: Chapter One: “The Phytochemicals and Health Benefits of Curcuma longa Linn. (Turmeric) (Family: Zingiberaceae)”; Chapter Two: “Cardiometabolic Effects of Functional Foods and Phytochemicals within Mexican Folklore Medicine (Part 1)”; Chapter Three: Cardiometabolic Effects of Functional Foods and Phytochemicals within Mexican Folklore Medicine (Part 2)”; and Chapter Four: Arthrospira maxima (Spirulina): Protection against Mitomycin C-Induced Dominant Lethal Mutations. These chapters will provide more advanced information to researches in studying new drug designs of phytochemicals.
Pomegranate: Cultivation, Composition, Antioxidant Properties, and Health Benefits
Editors: Rafat Siddiqui, Ph.D., and Mohammed Akbar (Section on Transmitter Signaling, Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, US, and others)
Recently for the prevention and treatment of many neurologic, metabolic and other chronic diseases, the focus has shifted from allopathic Western medicine to alternative and complementary medicine in many countries including the United States of America. In fact, some dietary supplements including herbs, vegetables, nuts and fruits have demonstrated promising outcomes in improving human health. Among them, pomegranate is one of the exotic fruits that has been known for its valuable effects.
Pomegranate (Punica granatum), one of the oldest known fruits belongs to the family Lythraceae. It is believed to have originated in Persia and have several varieties. At present, pomegranates are grown in many Middle Eastern, Asian, European and other Western countries, including the United States of America. Pomegranates have been used for thousands of years in treating a wide variety of diseases in ancient times and currently used to treat many complications, including; pregnancy, coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis, prostate cancer and male infertility. The beneficial effects of pomegranate have been revealed in the writings of many cultures and religions, since they were grown in abundance in all ancient civilizations. Pomegranates have been appreciated for their beautiful color and flavor, and health benefits since ancient times. The edible juicy ruby red arils are full of antioxidants and are considered the healthiest part of the fruit. Fortunately, the century-old description of the pomegranate as a healthy fruit among all others still holds its integrity due to the presence of antioxidants, vitamins B6 and C, minerals, and fiber.
Accumulated evidence suggests that naturally occurring phytocompounds, such as polyphenolic antioxidants found in pomegranate may potentially hinder neurodegeneration and improve memory, cognition and other brain functions. The effects of pomegranate as a medicine in neurological and other diseases are discussed in this book. This book will benefit students at various levels of academia, scientists in several disciplines (such as alternative medicine, nutrition, neuroscience, agriculture, food science, and medicine) and many others interested in this discipline. This book may become a part of the curriculum at various universities globally.
Pomegranate (Punica granatum), one of the oldest known fruits belongs to the family Lythraceae. It is believed to have originated in Persia and have several varieties. At present, pomegranates are grown in many Middle Eastern, Asian, European and other Western countries, including the United States of America. Pomegranates have been used for thousands of years in treating a wide variety of diseases in ancient times and currently used to treat many complications, including; pregnancy, coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis, prostate cancer and male infertility. The beneficial effects of pomegranate have been revealed in the writings of many cultures and religions, since they were grown in abundance in all ancient civilizations. Pomegranates have been appreciated for their beautiful color and flavor, and health benefits since ancient times. The edible juicy ruby red arils are full of antioxidants and are considered the healthiest part of the fruit. Fortunately, the century-old description of the pomegranate as a healthy fruit among all others still holds its integrity due to the presence of antioxidants, vitamins B6 and C, minerals, and fiber.
Accumulated evidence suggests that naturally occurring phytocompounds, such as polyphenolic antioxidants found in pomegranate may potentially hinder neurodegeneration and improve memory, cognition and other brain functions. The effects of pomegranate as a medicine in neurological and other diseases are discussed in this book. This book will benefit students at various levels of academia, scientists in several disciplines (such as alternative medicine, nutrition, neuroscience, agriculture, food science, and medicine) and many others interested in this discipline. This book may become a part of the curriculum at various universities globally.
Horizons in World Physics. Volume 296
Editors: Albert Reimer
In the opening study included in Horizons in World Physics. Volume 296, the authors argue that that the energy of man-made electromagnetic fields and corresponding electromagnetic radiation with frequencies starting from 0 Hz and approaching the low limit of infrared is not quantized, in contrast to molecular/atomic/nuclear electromagnetic fields/electromagnetic radiation. This study may initiate a better understanding of both the nature of man-made electromagnetic fields and their interaction with matter, especially living matter.
Next, using the method of accumulation of phase shifts in the rotating frame, the attenuation function S(t) of the NMR signal from an ensemble of spin-bearing particles in a magnetic-field gradient is expressed through the particle mean square displacement in a form applicable for any kind of stationary stochastic dynamics of spins and for any times.
Recent advances in the development of ultrashort-pulse lasers have boosted numerous uses across a wide range of applications related to low and high-energy phenomena, from time-resolved measurements to laser-driven particle accelerators. One promising new application of such lasers is the generation of directional, localized electromagnetic pulses via a two-stage process. This book shows how such formation can be effectively described by relatively simple, easy-to-analyze quadrature or even fully solutions using the STTD (spacetime triangle diagram) technique.
Continuing, the authors derive some first order differential equations which model the classical and the relativistic thin layer approximations. The circumstellar medium is assumed to follow a density profile which can be exponential, Gaussian, Plummer-like, self-gravitating, or power law. The first order differential equations are solved either analytically, numerically, by a series expansion, by recursion, or by approximation.
In conclusion, the authors calculate the mass spectrum of charmonium for 1P, ..., 4P states of 0++ , as well as for 1S, ..., 5S states of 0−+, and 1S, ..., 4D states of 1−− in the framework of a QCD motivated Bethe-Salpeter Equation. In this 4 × 4 BSE framework, the coupled Salpeter equations are first shown to decouple for the confining part of interaction, under heavy-quark approximation, and analytically solved, and later the one-gluon-exchange interaction is perturbatively incorporated leading to mass spectral equations for various quarkonia.
Next, using the method of accumulation of phase shifts in the rotating frame, the attenuation function S(t) of the NMR signal from an ensemble of spin-bearing particles in a magnetic-field gradient is expressed through the particle mean square displacement in a form applicable for any kind of stationary stochastic dynamics of spins and for any times.
Recent advances in the development of ultrashort-pulse lasers have boosted numerous uses across a wide range of applications related to low and high-energy phenomena, from time-resolved measurements to laser-driven particle accelerators. One promising new application of such lasers is the generation of directional, localized electromagnetic pulses via a two-stage process. This book shows how such formation can be effectively described by relatively simple, easy-to-analyze quadrature or even fully solutions using the STTD (spacetime triangle diagram) technique.
Continuing, the authors derive some first order differential equations which model the classical and the relativistic thin layer approximations. The circumstellar medium is assumed to follow a density profile which can be exponential, Gaussian, Plummer-like, self-gravitating, or power law. The first order differential equations are solved either analytically, numerically, by a series expansion, by recursion, or by approximation.
In conclusion, the authors calculate the mass spectrum of charmonium for 1P, ..., 4P states of 0++ , as well as for 1S, ..., 5S states of 0−+, and 1S, ..., 4D states of 1−− in the framework of a QCD motivated Bethe-Salpeter Equation. In this 4 × 4 BSE framework, the coupled Salpeter equations are first shown to decouple for the confining part of interaction, under heavy-quark approximation, and analytically solved, and later the one-gluon-exchange interaction is perturbatively incorporated leading to mass spectral equations for various quarkonia.
